Win2K Professional

Exam 70-210 - Installing, Configuring, and Administering Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional

Installing Windows 2000 Professional:

Requirements:

Component	Recomended Minimum	Suggested Configuration
CPU	Pentium-based	Pentium II or higher
Memory	32 MB	64 MB or higher
Hard disk space	685 MB	2 GB or higher
Networking	NIC	NIC
Display	VGA	SVGA
CD-ROM	needed when not installing over the network	needed when not installing over the network
Keyboard and mouse	required	required
Sound card	not required	required for visually impaired users needing narrative voice to guide installation

All hardware should appear on the Windows 2000 Hardware Compatibility List (HCL) (KB# Q142865)

Windows 2000 Professional supports Symetric Multi-processing with a maximum of two processors, and up to 4 GB of RAM.

Attended installations:

Setup has four stages:

Setup Program (text mode)- preps hard drive for following stages of install and copies files needed for running Setup Wizard. Requires reboot.
Setup Wizard (graphical mode) - prompts for additional info such as product key, names, passwords, regional settings, etc.
Install Windows Networking - detects adapter cards, installs networking components (Client for MS Networks, File & Printer Sharing for MS Networks), and installs TCP/IP protocol by default (other protocols can be installed later). Choose to join a workgroup or domain at this point (must be connected to network and provide credentials to join a domain). After all choices are made components are configured, additional files copied, and the system is rebooted.
Setup Completion - installs Start Menu items, register's components, saves configuration, removes temporary files and system rebooted one final time.

Installing from CD-ROM:

Setup disks are not required if your CD-ROM is bootable or you are upgrading a previous version of Windows.
To make boot floppies, type makeboot a: in the \i386 directory of your W2K CD. Creates set of four 1.44 MB boot floppies. (KB# Q197063)
If installing using a MS-DOS or Win95/98 boot floppy, run winnt.exe from the i/386 to begin Windows 2000 setup.
Setup will not prompt the user to specify the name of an installation folder unless you are performing an unattended installation or using winnt32 to perform a clean installation. (KB# Q222939)

Installing over a Network:

Create a distribution server which has a file share containing the contents of the /i386 directory from the Windows 2000 CD-ROM.
685 MB minimum plus 100 - 200 MB free hard drive space to hold temporary files during installation.
Install a network client on the target computer or use a boot floppy that includes a network client (KB# Q142857). Run winnt.exe from file share on distribution server if installing a new operating system or winnt32.exe if upgrading a previous version of Windows.
Clean installation is now possible with Windows 2000. NT 4 required a pre-existing FAT partition.

Command line switches for winnt.exe:

Switch	Function
/a	Enables accessibility options
/e[:command]	Specifies a command that will be run at the end of Stage 4 of setup
/r[:folder]	Specifies optional folder to be installed. Folder is not removed with temporary files after installation
/rx[:folder	Specifies optional folder to be copied. Folder is deleted after installation
/s[:sourcepath]	Specifies source location of Windows 2000 files. Can either be a full path or network share
/t[:tempdrive]	Specifies drive to hold temporary setup files
/u[:answer file]	Specifies unattended setup using answer file (requires /s)
/udf:id[,UDF_file]	Establishes ID that Setup uses to specify how a UDF file modifies an answer file

Modifying Setup using winnt32.exe:

Switch	Function
/checkupgradeonly	Checks system for compatibility with Windows 2000. Creates reports for upgrade installations.
/copydir:folder_name	Creates additional folder inside %systemroot% folder. Retained after setup.
/copysource:folder_name	Same as above except folder and it's contents are deleted after installation completes
/cmd: command_line	Runs a command before the final phase of Setup
/cmdcons	This adds a Recovery Console option to the operating system selection screen
/debug[level] [:file_name]	Creates a debug log. 0=Sever errors only. 1=regular errors. 2=warnings. 3=all messages.
/m:folder_name	Forces Setup to look in specified folder for setup files first. If files are not present, Setup uses files from default location.
/makelocalsource	Forces Setup to copy all installation files to local hard drive so that they will be available during successive phases of setup if access to CD drive or network fails.
/nodownload	Used when upgrading from Win95/98. Forces copying of winnt32.exe and related files to local system to avoid installation problems associated with network congestion. (KB# Q244001)
/noreboot	Tells system not to reboot after first stage of installation.
/s:source_path	Specifies source path of installation files. Can be used to simultaneously copy files from multiple paths if desired (first path specified must be valid or setup will fail, though).
/syspart:drive_letter	Copies all Setup startup files to a hard disk and marks the drive as active. You can physically move the drive to another computer and have the computer move to Stage 2 of Setup automatically when it is started. Requires /tempdrive switch. (KB# Q234037 & Q241803)
/tempdrive:drive_letter	Setup uses the specified tempdrive to hold temporary setup files. Used when there are drive space concerns
/unattend: [number] [:answer_file]	Specifies answer file for unattended installations.
/udf:id[,udf_file]	Establishes ID that Setup uses to specify how a UDF file modifies an answer file.

Unattended installations:

Unattended installations rely on an answer file to provide information to provide information during setup process that is usually provided through manual user input. (KB# Q183245)
Answer files can be created manually using a text editor or by using the Setup Manager Wizard (SMW) (found in the Windows 2000 Resource Kit Deployment Tools).
SMW allows for creation of a shared Distribution Folder and OEM Branding
If you had a CD in drive D: and an unattended installation answer file named salesans.txt in C:\, you could start your install with this command: D:\i386\winnt32 /s:d:\i386 /unattend:c:\salesans.txt (KB# Q216258)
There are five levels of user interaction during unattended installs:
1. Provide Defaults - Administrator supplies default answers and user only has to accept defaults or make changes where necessary.
2. Fully Automated - Mainly used for Win2000 Professional desktop installs. User just has to sit on their hands and watch.
3. Hide Pages - Users can only interact with setup where Administrator did not provide default information. Display of all other dialogs is supressed.
4. Read Only - Similar to above, but will display information to user without allowing interaction to pages where Administrator has provided default information.
5. GUI Attended - Only used for automating the second stage of setup. All other stages require manual input.

Remote installations:

Only supports installation of Windows 2000 Professional at this time.
Requires the presence of a Windows 2000 Remote Installation Services (RIS) server. Following services are also needed on the network; DNS (for locating directory service and client computer accounts), DHCP (to get an IP address), and Active Directory (to locate RIS servers). (KB# Q239004)
RIS must be mounted on a shared hard drive volume, but not the same volume that is running Windows 2000 Server and must be formatted with NTFS.
Shared volume must be large enough to hold RIS as well as numerous Windows 2000 Professional drive (RIPRep) images.
RIPRep images can have applications pre-installed. Unique identifiers are like SIDs are stripped from RIPRep images as they are generated.
Uses .SIF files - variation of unattend.txt files.
Once RIS is installed on the server and the service is running, use the Remote Boot Disk Generator (RBFG.EXE) to create remote installation boot disks. These floppies only support the PCI-based network adapters that can be selected by using the "Adapter List" button. Alternately, if the client system has a PXE based NIC or is a NetPC, you don't need a boot floppy.
Client computers can have differing hardware configurations so long as they use the same Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) (KB# Q228908)
Run riprep.exe to start the RIS Wizard.

Working with SYSDIFF:

Used for installing applications, usually in conjuction with an unattended installation. SYSDIFF allows you to take a snapshot of your machine's original state, install applications, and then package all of these changes into a single file which can be applied to other machines.
Install your baseline system first. Then take a snapshot of it before installing any applications. Syntax is: sysdiff /snap snap_file
Next install desired applications on target system. Use the SYSDIFF tool to create a difference file. Syntax is: sysdiff /diff snap_file diff_file
You can now apply your difference file to the target system(s). Syntax is: sysdif /apply \\setupserver\w2k\diff_file

System preparation tool (SYSPREP.EXE): (KB# Q240126)

Removes the unique elements of a fully installed computer system so that it can be duplicated using imaging software such as Ghost or Drive Image Pro. Avoids the NT4 problem of duplicated SIDS , computer names etc. Installers can use sysprep to provide and answer file for "imaged" installations.
Must be extracted from DEPLOY.CAB in the \support\tools folder on the Windows 2000 Professional CD-ROM.
Adds a mini-setup wizard to the image file which is run the first time the computer it is applied to is started. Guides user through re-entering user specific data. This process can be automated by providing a script file. (KB# Q196667)
Use Setup Manager Wizard (SMW) to create a SYSPREP.INF file. SMW creates a SYSPREP folder in the root of the drive image and places sysprep.inf in this folder. The mini-setup wizard checks for this file when it runs.
Specifying a CMDLINES.TXT file in your SYSPREP.INF file allows an administrator to run commands or programs during the mini-Setup portion of SYSPREP. (KB# Q238955)
Available switches for sysprep.exe are: /quiet (runs without user interaction), /pnp (forces Setup to detect PnP devices), /reboot (restarts computer), and /nosidgen (will not regenerate SID on target computer).

Upgrading from a previous version: (KB# Q232039)

Run winnt32.exe to upgrade from a previous version of Windows. (KB# Q199349)
Windows 2000 will upgrade and preserve settings from the following operating systems: Windows 95 and 98 (all versions), Windows NT Workstation 3.51 and 4.0, and Windows NT 3.1 or 3.5 (must be upgraded to NT 3.51 or 4.0 first, then Professional).
Upgrade installations from a network file share are not supported in Windows 2000 (this *can* be done, but only by using SMS). You must either do a CD-based upgrade or perform a clean installation of Windows 2000 and re-install needed applications.
Because of registry and program differences between Win95/98 and 2000, upgrade packs (or migration DLLs) might be needed. Setup checks for these in the \i386\Win9xmig folder on the Windows 2000 CD-ROM or in a user specified location. (KB# Q231418)
Run winnt32 /checkupgradeonly to check for compatible hardware and software. Generates a report indicating which system components are Windows 2000 compatible. Same as running the chkupgrd.exe utility from Microsoft's site.
All operating system files associated with Windows 95/95 will be deleted after an upgrade. (KB# Q228986)

Troubleshooting failed installations:

Common errors:

Problem	Possible fix
Cannot contact domain controller	Verify that network cable is properly connected. Verify that server(s) running DNS and a domain controller are both on-line. Make sure your network settings are correct (IP address, gateway, etc.). Verify that your credentials and domain name are entered correctly.
Error loading operating system	Caused when a drive is formatted with NTFS during setup but the disk geometry is reported incorrectly. Try a smaller partition (less than 4 GB) or a FAT32 partition instead. (KB# Q234621)
Failure of dependency service to start	Make sure you installed the correct protocol and network adapter in the Network Settings dialog box in the Windows 2000 Setup Wizard. Also check to make sure your network settings are correct.
Insufficient disk space	Create a new partition using existing free space on the hard disk, delete or create partitions as needed or reformat an existing partition to free up space.
Media errors	Maybe the CD-ROM you are installing from is dirty or damaged. Try using a different CD or trying the affected CD in a different machine.
Nonsupported CD drive	Swap out the drive for a supported drive or try a network install instead. (KB# Q228852)

Log files created during Setup:

Logfile name	Description
setupact.log	Action Log - records setup actions in a chronological order. Includes copied files and registry entries as well as entries made to the error log.
setuperr.log	Error Log - records all errors that occur during setup and includes severity of error. Log viewer shows error log at end of setup if errors occur.
comsetup.log	Used for Optional Component manager and COM+ components.
setupapi.log	Logs entries each time a line from an .INF file is implemented. Indicates failures in .INF file implementations.
netsetup.log	Records activity for joining a domain or workgroup.
mmdet.log	Records detection of multimedia devices, their port ranges, etc.

Implementing and Conducting Administration of Resources:

Choosing a file system:

NTFS provides optimum security and reliability through it's ability to lock down individual files and folders on a user by user basis. Advanced features such as disk compression, disk quotas and encryption make it the file system recommended by 9 out of 10 MCSEs. (KB# Q244600)
FAT and FAT32 are only used for dual-booting between Windows 2000 and another operating system (like DOS 6.22, Win 3.1 or Win 95/98). (KB# Q184006)
Existing NT 4.0 NTFS system parition will be upgraded to Windows 2000 NTFS automatically. If you wish to dual-boot between NT4.0 and 2000 you must first install Service Pack 4 on the NT4.0 machine. This will allow it to read the upgraded NTFS partition, but advanced features such as EFS and Disk Quotas will be disabled. (KB# Q197056 & Q184299)
Use convert.exe to convert a FAT or FAT32 file system to NTFS. NTFS partitions cannot be converted to FAT or FAT32 - the partition must be deleted and recreated as FAT or FAT32 (KB# Q156560 & Q214579)
You cannot convert a FAT partition to FAT32 using convert.exe. (KB# Q197627)

NTFS file and folder permissions: (KB#S Q183090, Q244600)

File attributes when copying/moving within a partition or between partitions:

Copying within a partition	Creates a new file resembling the old file. Inherits the target folders permissions.
Moving within a partition	Does not create a new file. Simply updates directory pointers. File keeps its original permissions.
Moving across partitions	Creates a new file resembling the old file, and deletes the old file. Inherits the target folders permissions.

Miscellaneous:

NTFS in Windows 2000 (version 5) features enhancements not found in Windows NT 4.0 version 4). Reparse Points, Encrypting File System (EFS), Disk Quotas, Volume Mount Points, SID Searching, Bulk ACL Checking, and Sparse File Support. (KB# Q183090)
Volume Mount Points allow new volumes to be added to the file system without needing to assign a drive letter to it. Instead of mounting a CD-ROM as drive E:, it can be mounted and accessed under an existing drive (e.g., C:\CD-ROM). As Volume Mount Points are based on Reparse Points, they are only available under NTFS5 using Dynamic Volumes.
NTFS4 stored ACLs on each file. With bulk ACL checking, NTFS5 uses unique ACLs only once even if ten objects share it. NTFS can also perform a volume wide scan for files using the owner's SID (SID Searching). Both functions require installation of the Indexing Service.
Sparse File Support prevents files containing large consecutive areas of zero bits from being allocated corresponding physical space on the drive and improves system performance.
NTFS partitions can be defragmented in Windows 2000 (as can FAT and FAT32 partitions). Use Start > Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Disk Defragmenter.
Local security access can be set on a NTFS volume.
Files moved from an NTFS partition to a FAT partition do not retain their attributes or security descriptors, but will retain their long filenames.
Permissions are cumulative, except for No Access, which overrides anything.
File permissions override the permissions of its parent folder.
Anytime a new file is created, the file will inherit permissions from the target folder.
The cacls.exe utility is used to modify NTFS volume permissions. (KB# Q237701)

Windows File Protection Feature (WFP): (KB# Q222193)

New to Windows 2000 - prevents the replacement of certain monitored system files (important DLLs and EXEs in the %systemroot%\system32 directory).
Uses file signatures and code signing to verify if protected system files are the Microsoft versions.
WFP does not generate signatures of any type.
Critical DLLs are restored from the %systemroot%\system32\dllcache directory. Default maximum size for Professional is 50MB. This can be increased by editing the Registry. (KB# Q229656)

Local and network print devices:

Windows 2000 Professional supports the following printer ports: Line Printer (LPT), COM, USB, IEEE 1394, and network attached devices.
Print services can only be provided for Windows and UNIX clients on Windows 2000 Professional (KB# Q124734)- Windows 2000 Server is required to support Apple and Novell clients.
Windows 2000 Professional automatically downloads the printer drivers for clients running Win2000, WinNT 4, WinNT 3.51 and Windows 95/98. (KB# Q142667)
Internet Printing is a new feature in Windows 2000. You have the option of entering the URL where your printer is located. The print server must be a Windows 2000 Server running Internet Information Server or a Windows 2000 Professional system running Personal Web Server - all shared printers can be viewed at: http://servername/printers
Print Pooling allows two or more identical printers to be installed as one logical printer.
Print Priority is set by creating multiple logical printers for one physical printer and assigning different priorities to each. Priority ranges from 1, the lowest (default) to 99, the highest.
Enabling "Availability" option allows Administrator to specify the hours the printer is available.
Use Separater Pages to separate print jobs at a shared printer. A template for the separater page can be created and saved in the %systemroot%\system32 directory with a .SEP file extension. (KB# Q102712)
You can select Restart in the printer's menu to reprint a document. This is useful when a document is printing and the printer jams. Resume can be selected to start printing where you left off.
You can change the directory containing the print spooler in the advanced server properties for the printer. (KB# Q123747)
To remedy a stalled spooler, you will need to stop and restart the spooler services in the Services applet in Administrative Tools in the Control Panel. (KB# Q240683 &
Use the fixprnsv.exe command-line utility to resolve printer incompatibility issues. (KB# Q247196)

Managing file systems: (KB# Q222189)

Windows 2000 supports both Basic and Dynamic storage. In basic storage you divide a hard disk into partitions. Windows 2000 recognizes primary and extended partitions. A disk initialized for basic storage is called a Basic disk. It can contain primary partitions, extended partitions and logical drives. Basic volumes cannot be created on dynamic disks. Basic volumes should be used when dual-booting between Windows 2000 and DOS, Windows 3.x, Windows 95/98 and all version of Windows NT. (KB# Q175761)

Dynamic storage (Windows 2000 only) allows you to create a single partition that includes the entire hard disk. A disk initialized for dynamic storage is called a Dynamic disk. Dynamic disks are divided into volumes which can include portions of one, or many, disks. These can be resized without needing to restart the operating system. (KB# Q225551)

There are three volume types:

Simple volume - contains space from a single disk
Spanned volume - contains space from multiple disks (maximum of 32). First fills one volume before going to the next. If a volume in a spanned set fails, all data in the spanned volume set is lost. Performance is degraded as disks in spanned volume set are read sequentially.
Striped set- contains free space from multiple disks (maximum of 32) in one logical drive. Increases performance by reading/writing data from all disks at the same rate. If a disk in a stripe set fails, all data is lost.

Dynamic Volume States:

State	Description
Failed	Volume cannot be automatically restarted and needs to be repaired
Healthy	Is accessible and has no known problems
Healthy (at risk)	Accessible, but I/O errors have been detected on the disk. Underlying disk is displayed as Online (Errors)
Initializing	Volume is being initialized and will be displayed as healthy when process is complete

Dynamic Volume Limitations:

Cannot be directly accessed by DOS, Win95/98 or any versions of Windows NT if you are dual-booting as they do not use the traditional disk organization scheme of partitions and logical volumes. MBR on dynamic disks contains a pointer to disk configuration data stored in the last 1 MB of space at the end of the disk. (KB# Q197738)
Dynamic volumes which were upgraded from basic disk partitons cannot be extended, especially the system volume which holds hardware-specific files required to start Windows 2000 and the boot volume. Volumes created after the disk was upgraded to dynamic can be extended. (KB# Q222188)
When installing Windows 2000, if a dynamic volume is created from unallocated space on a dynamic disk, Windows 2000 cannot be installed on that volume. (KB# Q216341)
Not supported on portable computers or removable media. (KB# Q232463)
A boot disk that has been converted from basic to dynamic cannot be converted back to basic. (KB# Q217226)

Translation of terms between Basic and Dynamic Disks:

Basic Disks	Dynamic Disks
Active partition	Active volume
Extended partition	Volume and unallocated space
Logical drive	Simple volume
Mirror set	Mirrored volume (Server only)
Primary partition	Simple volume
Stripe set	Striped volume
Stripe set with parity	RAID-5 volume (Server only)
System and boot partitions	System and boot volumes
Volume set	Spanned volumes

There is NO fault-tolerance with Windows 2000 Professional. Fault-tolerance (RAID levels 1 and 5) are only available in the Windows 2000 Server family. (KB# Q113932)

To manage disks on a remote computer you must create a custom console focused on another computer. Choose Start > Run and type mmc. Press Enter. On console menu click Add/Remove Snap-in. Click Add. Click Disk Management then click Add. When Choose Computer dialog box appears choose the remote system.

Windows 2000 now supports disk-based quotas. Quotas can be set on NTFS volumes, but not on FAT or FAT32 volumes. Quotas cannot be set on individual folders within a NTFS partition. (KB# Q183322)

Disk information is now stored on the physical disk itself, facilitating moving hard drives between systems. As managing disk numbering can become quite complex, the dmtool.exe utility has been provided. (KB# Q222470)

When using the Disk Management Snap-in Tool:

Whenever you add a new disk in a computer it is added as Basic Storage
Every time you remove or add a new disk to your computer you must choose Rescan Disks
Disks that have been removed from another computer will appear labeled as Foreign. Choose "Import Foreign Disk" and a wizard appears to provide instructions.
For multiple disks removed from another computer, they will appear as a group. Right-click on any of the disks and choose "Add Disk".
Disks can be upgraded from Basic to Dynamic storage at any time but must contain at least 1 MB of unallocated space for the upgrade to work.

Implementing, Managing, and Troubleshooting Hardware Devices and Drivers:

(KB# Q199276)

Miscellaneous:

Windows 2000 now fully supports Plug and Play. (KB# Q133159)
Use the "System Information" snap-in to view configuration information about your computer (or create a custom console focused on another computer - powerful tool!!).
"Hardware Resources" under System Information allows you to view Conflicts/Sharing, DMAs, IRQs, Forced Hardware, I/O and Memory.
Hardware is added and removed using the "Add/Remove Hardware" applet in the Control Panel (can also be accessed from Control Panel > System > Hardware > Hardware Wizard).
All currently installed hardware is managed through the "Device Manager" snap-in.
To troubleshoot a device using Device Manager, click the "Troubleshoot" button on the General tab.

Disk devices:

Managed through "Computer Management" under Control Panel > Administrative tools or by creating a custom console and adding the "Disk Management" snap-in. Choosing the "Computer Management" snap-in for your custom console gives you the following tools: Disk Management, Disk Defragmenter, Logical Drives and Removable Storage. There is a separate snap-in for each of these tools except for Logical Drives.
Using Disk Management, you can create, delete, and format partitions as FAT, FAT32 and NTFS. Can also be used to change volume labels, reassign drive letters, check drives for errors and backup drives.
Defragment drives by using "Disk Defragmenter" under "Computer Management" or add the "Disk Defragmenter" snap-in to your own custom console. (KB# Q227463)
Removable media are managed through the "Removable Media" snap-in.

Display devices:

Desktop display properties (software settings) are managed through the Display applet in Control Panel.
Display adapters are installed, removed and have their drivers updated through "Display Adapters" under the Device Manager.
Monitors are installed, removed, and have their drivers updated through "Monitors" under the Device Manager.
Windows 2000 Professional supports multiple monitors running concurrently.

Mobile computer hardware:

PCMCIA (PC Card) adapters, USB ports, IEEE 1394 (FireWire), and Infrared devices now supported. These are managed through Device Manager.
Hot (computer is fully powered) and warm (computer is in suspend mode) docking and undocking are now fully supported for computers with a PnP BIOS.
Support is provided for Advanced Power Management (APM) and Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI). (KB# Q242495)
Hibernation (complete power down while maintaining state of open programs and connected hardware) and Suspend (deep sleep with some power) modes are now supported, extending battery life.
When a PC Card, USB or Infrared device is installed, Windows 2000 will automatically recognize and configure it (if it meets PnP specifications). If Windows does not have an entry in its driver base for the new hardware, you will be prompted to supply one.
Equipping mobile computers with SmartCards and Encrypting File System decreases the likelihood of confidential corporate data being compromised if the computer is stolen or lost.
Use hardware profiles for mobile computers. Accessed through Control Panel > System applet > Hardware tab > Hardware Profiles. Multiple profiles can be created and designated as a docked or undocked portable computer.

Input and output (I/O) devices:

Keyboards are installed under "Keyboards" in Device Manager.
Mice, graphics tablets and other pointing devices are installed under "Mice and other pointing devices" in Device Manager.
Troubleshoot I/O resource conflicts using the "System Information" snap-in. Look under Hardware Resources > I/O for a list of memory ranges in use.

Updating drivers:

Drivers are updated using Device Manager. Highlight the device, right-click and choose Properties. A properties dialog appears. Choose the Drivers tab and then the Update Driver... button.
Microsoft recommends using Microsoft digitally signed drivers whenever possible. (KB# Q244617)
The Driver.cab cabinet file on the Windows 2000 CD contains all of the drivers the OS ships with. Whenever a driver is updated, W2K looks here first. The location of this file is stored in a registry key and can be changed: HKLM\Software\Windows\CurrentVersion\Setup\DriverCachePath (KB# Q230644)
The Driver Verifier is used to troubleshoot and isolate driver problems. It must be enabled through changing a Registry setting. The Driver Verifier Manager, verifier.exe, provides a command-line interface for working with Driver Verifier. (KB# Q244617)

Managing/configuring multiple CPUs:

Adding a processor to your system to improve performance is called scaling. Typically done for CPU intensive applications such as CAD and graphics rendering.
Windows 2000 Professional supports a maximum of two CPUs. If you need more consider using Windows 2000 Server (up to 4 CPUs), Advanced Server (up to 8 CPUs) and Datacentre Server (maximum of 32 CPUs).
Windows 2000 supports Symetric Multiprocessing (SMP). Processor affinity is also supported. Asymetric Multiprocessing (ASMP) is not supported.
Upgrading to multiple CPUs might increase the load on other system resources.
Update your Windows driver to convert your system from a single to multiple CPUs. This is done through Device Manager > Computer > Update Driver. (KB# Q234558)

Install and manage network adapters:

Adapters are installed using the Add/Remove Hardware applet in Control Panel
Change the binding order of protocols and the Provider order using Advanced Settings under the Advanced menu of the Network and Dial-up Connections window (accessed by right-clicking on My Network Places icon)
Each network adapter has an icon in Network and Dial-up connection. Right click on the icon to set it's properties, install protocols, change addresses, etc.

Troubleshooting the boot process:

Files used in the Windows 2000 boot process: (KB# Q114841)

File:	Location:
Ntldr	System partition root
Boot.ini	System partition root (KB# Q99743)
Bootsect.dos	System partition root
Ntdetect.com	System partition root
Ntbootdd.sys*	System partition root
Ntoskrnl.exe	%systemroot%\System32
Hal.dll	%systemroot%\System32
System	%systemroot%\System32\Config

* Optional - only if system partition is on SCSI disk with BIOS disabled

ARC paths in BOOT.INI: (KB# Q113977 & Q119467)

The Advanced Risc Computing (ARC) path is located in the BOOT.INI and is used by NTLDR to determine which disk contains the operating system. (KB# Q102873)

multi(x)	Specifies SCSI controller with the BIOS enabled, or non-SCSI controller. x=ordinal number of controller.
scsi(x)	Defines SCSI controller with the BIOS disabled. x=ordinal number of controller.
disk(x)	Defines SCSI disk which the OS resides on. When multi is used, x=0. When scsi is used, x= the SCSI ID number of the disk with the OS.
rdisk(x)	Defines disk which the OS resides on. Used when OS does not reside on a SCSI disk. x=0-1 if on primary controller. x=2-3 if on multi-channel EIDE controller.
partition(x)	Specifies partition number which the OS resides on. x=cardinal number of partition, and the lowest possible value is 1.

multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1). These are the lowest numbers that an ARC path can have.

BOOT.INI switches: (KB# Q239780)

/basevideo - boots using standard VGA driver
/fastdetect=[comx,y,z] - disables serial mouse detection or all COM ports if port not specified. Included by default
/maxmem:n - specifies amount of RAM used - use when a memory chip may be bad
/noguiboot - boots Windows without displaying graphical startup screen
/sos - displays device driver names as they load
/bootlog - enable boot logging
/safeboot:minimal - boot in safe mode
/safeboot:minimal(alternateshell) - safe mode with command prompt
/safeboot:network - safe mode with networking support (KB# Q236346)

Booting in Safe Mode: (KB# Q202485)

Enter safe mode by pressing F8 during operating system selection phase
Safe mode loads basic files/drivers, VGA monitor, keyboard, mouse, mass storage and default system services. Networking is not started in safe mode. (KB# Q199175)
Enable Boot Logging - logs loading of drivers and services to ntbtlog.txt in the windir folder
Enable VGA Mode - boots Windows with VGA driver
Last Known Good Configuration - uses registry info from previous boot. Used to recover from botched driver installs and registry changes.
Recovery Console - only appears if it was installed using winnt32 /cmdcons or specified in the unattended setup file.
Directory Services Restore Mode - only in Server, not applicable to Win2000 Professional.
Debugging Mode - again, only in Server
Boot Normally - lets you boot, uh, normally. ;-)

Windows 2000 Control Sets: (KB# Q142033)

Found under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\Select - has four entries
Current- CurrentControlSet. Any changes made to the registry modify information in CurrentControlSet
Default - control set to be used next time Windows 2000 starts. Default and current contain the same control set number
Failed - control set marked as failed when the computer was last started using the LastKnownGood control set
LastKnownGood - after a successful logon, the Clone control set is copied here

Running the Recovery Console: (KB# Q229716)

Insert Windows 2000 CD into drive, change to i386 folder and run winnt32 /cmdcons (KB# Q216417)
After it is installed, it can be selected from the "Please Select Operating System to Start" menu
When starting Recovery Console, you must log on as Administrator. (KB# Q239803)
Can also be run from Windows 2000 Setup, repair option.
Allows you to boot to a "DOS Prompt" when your file system is formatted with NTFS.
Looks like DOS, but is very limited. By default, you can copy from removable media to hard disk, but not vice versa - console can't be used to copy files to other media (KB# Q240831). As well, by default, the wildcards in the copy command don't work (KB# Q235364). You can't read or list files on any partition except for system partition.
Can be used to disable services that prevent Windows from booting properly (KB# Q244905)

Command	Description
attrib	changes attributes of selected file or folder
cd or chdir	displays current directory or changes directories.
chkdsk	run CheckDisk
cls	clears screen
copy	copies from removable media to system folders on hard disk. No wildcards
del or delete	deletes service or folder
dir	lists contents of selected directory on system partition only
disable	disables service or driver
diskpart	replaces FDISK - creates/deletes partitions
enable	enables service or driver
extract	extracts components from .CAB files
fixboot	writes new partition boot sector on system partition
fixmbr	writes new MBR for partition boot sector
format	formats selected disk
listsvc	lists all services on W2K workstation
logon	lets you choose which W2K installation to logon to if you have more than one
map	displays current drive letter mappings
md or mkdir	creates a directory
more or type	displays contents of text file
rd or rmdir	removes a directory
ren or rename	renames a single file
systemroot	makes current directory system root of drive you're logged into

Startup and Recovery Settings:

Accessed through Control Panel > System applet > Advanced tab > Startup and Recovery
Memory dumps are always saved with the filename memory.dmp (KB# Q192463)
Small memory dump needs 64K of space. Found in %systemroot%\minidump
A paging file must be on the system partition and the pagefile itself at least 1 MB larger than the amount of RAM installed for Write debugging information option to work
Use dumpchk.exe to examine contents of memory.dmp (KB# Q156280)

Windows Report Tool: (KB# Q188104)

Used to gather information from your computer to assist support providers in troubleshooting issues. Reports are composed in Windows 98 and Windows 2000 and then uploaded to a server provided by the support provider using HTTP protocol.
Reports are stored in a compressed .CAB format and include a Microsoft System Information (.NFO) file.
The report generated by Windows Report Tool (winrep.exe) includes a snapshot of complete system software and hardware settings. Useful for diagnosing software and hardware resource conflicts.

Emergency Repair Disk:

Windows NT 4 users - the RDISK utility is gone, ERDs are now made exclusively with the backup utility. It has been changed from a repair disk to a boot disk which lets you run repair tools on the CD (KB# Q216337)
To make an ERD, run ntbackup, choose Emergency Repair Disk and insert a blank formatted floppy into the A: drive. You will also have the option to copy registry files to the repair directory - it's a good idea to do so (%systemroot%\repair\regback). Also use backup to copy these registry files to a tape or Zip disk. (KB# Q231777)
ERD contains the following files: autoexec.nt, config.nt and setup.log

Monitoring and Optmizing System Performance and Reliability:

Driver signing: (KB# Q224404)

Configuring Driver Signing: (KB# Q236029)

Open System applet in Control Panel and click Hardware tab. Then in the Device Manager box, click Driver Signing to display options:
Ignore - Install all files, regardless of file signature
Warn- Display a message before installing an unsigned file
Block- Prevent installation of unsigned files
The Apply Setting As System Default checkbox is only accessible to Administrators

Using System File Checker (sfc.exe): (KB# Q222471)

/scannow - scans all protected system files immediately
/scanonce - scans all protected system files at next startup
/scanboot- scans all protected system files at every restart
/cancel- cancels all pending scans
/quiet - replaces incorrect files without prompting
/enable - sets Windows File Protection back to defaults
/purgecache - purges file cache and forces immediate rescan
/cachesize=x- sets file cache size

Windows Signature Verification (sigverif.exe):

running sigverif launches File Signature Verification
checks system files by default, but non-system files can also be checked
saves search results to Sigverif.txt

Task scheduler: (KB# Q235536 & Q226262)

used to automate events such as batch files, scripts and system backups
tasks are stored in the Scheduled Tasks folder in Control Panel
running task with a user name and password allows an account with the required rights to perform the task instead of an administrative account
set security for a task by group or user

Using offline files:

Offline files replaces My Briefcase and works a lot like Offline Browsing in IE5.

Share a folder and set it's caching to make it available offline - three types of caching:

manual caching for documents - default setting. Users must specify which docs they want available when working offline
automatic caching for documents - all files opened by a user are cached on his local hard disk for offline use - older versions on users machine automatically replaced by newer versions from the file share when they exist
automatic caching for programs -same as above, but for programs

When synchronizing, if you have edited an offline file and another user has also edited the same file you will be prompted to keep and rename your copy, overwrite your copy with the network version, or to overwrite the network version and lose the other user's changes (a wise SysAdmin will give only a few key people write access to this folder or everyone's work will get messed up).

Using Synchronization Manager, you can specify which items are synchronized, using which network connection and when synchronization occurs (at logon, logoff, and when computer is idle).

Performance Console: (KB# Q146005)

Important objects are cache (file system cache used to buffer physical device data), memory (physical and virtual/paged memory on system), physicaldisk (monitors hard disk as a whole), logicaldisk (logical drives, stripe sets and spanned volumes), and processor (monitors CPU load)
Processor - % Processor Time counter measure's time CPU spends executing a non-idle thread. If it is continually at or above 80%, CPU upgrade is recommended
Processor - Processor Queue Length - more than 2 threads in queue indicates CPU is a bottleneck for system performance
Processor - % CPU DPC Time (deferred procedure call) measures software interrupts.
Processor - % CPU Interrupts/Sec measures hardware interrupts. If processor time exceeds 90% and interrupts/time exceeds 15%, check for a poorly written driver (bad drivers can generate excessive interrupts) or upgrade CPU.
Logical disk - Disk Queue Length - If averaging more than 2, drive access is a bottleneck. Upgrade disk, hard drive controller, or implement stripe set
Physical disk - Disk Queue Length - same as above
Physical disk - % Disk Time- If above 90%, move data/pagefile to another drive or upgrade drive
Memory - Pages/sec - more than 20 pages per second is a lot of paging - add more RAM
Memory - Commited bytes - should be less than amount of RAM in computer
diskperf command for activating disk counters is not supported in Windows 2000

Performance Alerts and Logs: (KB# Q244640)

Alert logs are like trace logs, but they only log an event, send a message or run a program when a user-defined threshold has been exceeded
Counter logs record data from local/remote systems on hardware usage and system service activity
Trace logs are event driven and record monitored data such as disk I/O or page faults
By default, log files are stored in the \Perflogs folder in the system's boot partition
Save logs in CSV (comma separated value) or TSV (tab separated value) format for import into programs like Excel
CSV and TSV must be written all at once, they do not support logs that stop and start. Use Binary (.BLG) for logging that is written intermittantly
Logging is used to create a baseline for future reference

Virtual memory/Paging file:

Recommended minimum paging file size is 1.5 times the amount of RAM installed. A system with 64 MB should have a 96 MB page file. Maximum page file size should not exceed 2.5 times the amount of RAM installed
Set through Control Panel > System applet > Advanced tab > Performance Options > Change
The most efficient paging file is spread across several drives, but is not on the system or boot partitions. (KB# Q123747)
Maximum registry size can also be changed through the Virtual Memory dialog box

Hardware profiles:

Created to store different sets of configuration settings to meet a users different needs (usually used with portables) such as whether a computer is docked or undocked.
User selects the desired profile at Windows 2000 startup
Profiles are created through Control Panel > System applet > Hardware tab > Hardware Profiles
Devices are enabled and disabled in particular profiles through their properties in the Device Manager snap-in

Data recovery:

Windows 2000 Backup is launched through Control Panel > System applet > Backup or by running ntbackup from the Start menu (KB# Q241007)
Users can back up their own files and files they have read, execute, modify, or full control permission for
Users can restore files they have write, modify or full control permission for
Administrators and Backup Operators can backup and restore all files regardless of permissions

Backup type	Description
Normal	All selected files and folders are backed up. Archive attribute is cleared if it exists (fast for restoring)
Copy	All selected files and folders are backed up. Archive attribute is not cleared (fast for restoring)
Incremental	Only selected files and folders that have their archive attribute set are backed up and then archive markers are cleared
Differential	Only selected files and folders that have their archive attribute set are backed up but archive attributes are not cleared
Daily	All selected files and folders that have changed throughout the day are backed up. Archive attributes are ignored during the backup and are not cleared afterwards

The Windows 2000 Registry:

Database that stores Windows 2000 configuration information for all installed software, hardware and users in a hierarchical structure. Consists of five main subtrees:

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT - holds software configuration data, file associations and object linking and embedding (OLE) data
HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG - holds data on active hardware profile extracted from SOFTWARE and SYSTEM hives
HKEY_CURRENT_USER - contains data about current user extracted from HKEY_USERS and additional info pulled down from Windows authentication
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE - contains all local computer hardware, software, device driver and startup information. Remains constant regardless of the user
HKEY_USERS - holds data for user identities and environments, custom settings, etc

The Registry Editor (Regedt32.exe) has a read-only mode, a security menu, and supports the REG_EXPAND_SZ and REG_MULTI_SZ data types. Regedit.exe (another registry editing tool installed by Windows 2000) does not. Registry Editor automatically saves changes as they are made.

Secondary Logon Service (Run As): (KB# Q225035)

Similar to the SU (Super User) command in UNIX
Used to test setting using a particular user account while logged in with a different account
Select the application icon using a single left-click, hold down the Shift key and right-click the icon. When the pop-up menu appears, click Run As. This brings up a dialog box titled "Run program as other user" - enter your credentials and click OK

Configuring and Troubleshooting the Desktop Environment:

User profiles:

Is a collection of data and folders that store the user's desktop environment and application settings along with personal data.
When a user logs onto a client computer running W2K Pro, he/she always receives his/her individualized desktop settings and all of their network connections regardless of how many users share the same computer.
A user can change their user profile by changing their desktop settings - when they log off, Windows 2000 incorporates the changes into their user profile.
Setting a profile as mandatory forces Windows to discard any changes made during the session so the next time the user logs on, the session remains unchanged from their last login.
User profiles are stored in the %systemroot%\Documents and Settings\%username% folder.
Roaming profiles are used in Windows 2000 domains for users who move from one computer to another but require a consistent desktop environment.

Multiple languages and locations:

Changed through the Regional Options applet in Control Panel. Open Region Options and click Input Locale tab to add more locales. Check each locale or language you want your system to support. (KB# Q177561)

On the Regional Options applet General tab, scroll through the items in the box labelled "Your System is Configured to Read and Write Documents in Multiple Languages" to see the available languages as well as the current default.

Using Microsoft Installer Packages: (KB# Q242479)

Recognized by their .MSI extension.
Integrates software installation into Windows 2000 so that it is now centrally controlled, distributed, and managed from a central-point.
Completely integrated with Active Directory's Group Policies.
You can assign or publish software packages. Software that is published has a shortcut appear on a user's Start > Programs menu, but is not installed until the first time they use it. Assigned software is installed the next time the user logs on regardless of whether or not they run it.
Software package is installed on a Windows 2000 Server in a shared directory. A Group Policy Object (GPO) is created. Behavior filters are set in the GPO to determine who gets the software. Then add the package to the GPO under User Configuration > Software Settings > Software Installation (this is done on the server). You are prompted for a publishing method - choose it and say OK.
Non-MSI programs are published as .ZAP files. They cannot take advantage of MSI features such as elevated installation priveleges, rolling back an unsuccessful installation, install on first use of software or feature, etc. (KB# Q231747)

Configure and troubleshoot desktop settings:

Desktop settings can be configured using the Display applet in Control Panel or by right-clicking on a blank area of the desktop and selecting properties.

User can change the appearance of the desktop, desktop wallpaper, screen saver settings and more.

Fax support:

If a fax device (modem) is installed, the Fax applet appears in Control Panel. Does not appear when no fax device installed
If the Advanced Options tab is not available in the Fax applet log off then log back on as Administrator
Use the Fax applet to setup rules for how device receives faxes, number or retries when sending, where to store retrieved and sent faxes, user security permissions, etc.
The Fax printer in your printer folder cannot be shared

Accessibility services: (KB# Q210894)

StickyKeys allows you to press multiple key combinations (CTRL-ALT-DEL) one key at a time
FilterKeys tells the keyboard to ignore brief or repeated keystrokes
SoundSentry displays visual warnings when your computer makes a sound (for aurally impaired)
ShowSounds forces programs to display captions for the speech and sounds they make
MouseKeys lets you control the mouse pointer with the numeric keypad
Magnifier magnifies a portion of the desktop (for visually impaired) - available during GUI phases of OS installation (KB# Q231843)
Narrator reads menu options aloud using speech synthesis (for visually impaired) - available during GUI phases of OS installation.

Implementing, Managing, and Troubleshooting Network Protocols and Services:

TCP/IP protocol:

Miscellaneous:

Is an industry-standard suite of protocols
It is routable and works over most network topologies
It is the protocol that forms the foundation of the Internet
Installed by default in Windows 2000
Can be used to connect dissimilar systems
Uses Microsoft Windows Sockets interface (Winsock)
IP addresses can be entered manually or provided automatically by a DHCP server
DNS is used to resolve computer hostnames to IP addresses
WINS is used to resolve a NetBIOS name to an IP address
Subnet mask - A value that is used to distinguish the network ID portion of the IP address from the host ID.
Default gateway - A TCP/IP address for the host (typically a router) which you would send packets for routing elsewhere on the network.

Automatic Private IP Addressing:

Windows 98 and Windows 2000 support this new feature. When "Obtain An IP Address Automatically" is enabled, but the client cannot obtain an IP address, Automatic Private IP addressing takes over:

IP address is generated in the form of 169.254.x.y (where x.y is the computer's identifier) and a 16-bit subnet mask (255.255.0.0)
The computer broadcasts this address to it's local subnet
If no other computer responds to the address, the first system assigns this address to itself
When using the Auto Private IP, it can only communicate with other computers on the same subnet that also use the 169.254.x.y range with a 16-bit mask.
The 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 range has been set aside for this purpose by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

TCP/IP Server Utilities:

Telnet server - Windows 2000 includes a telnet server service (net start tlntsvr) which is limited to a command line text interface and two concurrent users. Set security on your telnet server by running the admin tool, tlntadmn. (KB# Q225233)
Web Server - stripped version of IIS5 Web server. Limited to 10 connections. Must be installed and service started before sharing your printers using Web printing or Internet printing. Can be managed using IIS snap-in or Personal Web Manager, a "dumbed-down" GUI for novice users.
FTP Server - stripped version of Internet Information Server 5 (IIS5) FTP server. Limited to 10 connections but is adminstered just like the server version using IIS snap-in or the Personal Web Manager.
FrontPage 2000 Server Extensions - extends the functionality of the Web server and included in W2K Pro for developing and testing Web sites before deploying them to a production server.
SMTP Server - does not appear to have limitations on connections but this is most likely due to its integration with LDAP and Active Directory replication. Also works with the form handlers in FrontPage Server Extensions.

TCP/IP Client Utilities:

Telnet client - Can be used to open a text based console on UNIX, Linux and Windows 2000 systems (run telnet servername)
FTP client - Command line based - simple and powerful (run ftp servername)
Internet Explorer 5 - Microsoft's powerful and thoroughly integrated Web browser (see IE5 Cramsession for details)
Outlook Express 5 - SMTP, POP3, IMAP4, NNTP, HTTP, and LDAP complaint E-mail package.

Services for UNIX 2.0:

Miscellaneous:

TCP/IP protocol is required for communicationg with UNIX hosts
Windows 2000 uses CIFS (Common Internet File System) which is an enhanced version of the SMB (Server Message Block) protocol
UNIX uses NFS (Network File System)
FTP support has been added to Windows Explorer and to Internet Explorer 5.0 allowing users to browse FTP directories as if they were a local resource.
Install SNMP for Network Management (HP, OpenView, Tivoli and SMS).
Print Services for UNIX allows connectivity to UNIX controlled Printers (LPR)
Simple TCP/IP Services provides Echo, Quote of Day, Discard, Daytime and Character Generator..

Client for NFS:

Installs a full Network File System (NFS) client that integrates with Windows Explorer. Available for both W2K Professional and Server.
Places a second, more powerful Telnet client on your system in the %windir%\system32\%sfudir% directory. This new client has been optimized for Windows NT Telnet server and can use NTLM authentication instead of clear text. (KB# Q250879)
Users can browse and map drives to NFS volumes and access NFS resources through My Network Places. Microsoft recommends this over installing Samba (SMB file services for Windows clients) on your UNIX server.
NFS shares can be accessed using standard NFS syntax (servername:/pathname) or standard UNC syntax (\\servername\pathname)
If users' UNIX username/password differ from Windows username/password, click "Connect Using A Different User Name" option and provide new credentials.
The following popular UNIX utilities are installed along with the Client for NFS (not a complete list):

Utility	Description
grep	Searches files for patterns and displays results containing that pattern
ps	Lists processes and their status
sed	Copies files named to a standard output; edits according to a script of commands
sh	Invokes the Korn shell
tar	Used to create tape archives or add/extract files from archives
vi	Invokes IV text editor

The nfsadmin command-line utility is used for configuration and administration of the Client for NFS. It's options are:

Option	Description
fileaccess	UNIX file permissions for reading, writing, and executing.
mapsvr	Computer name of the mapping server
mtype	Mount type, HARD or SOFT
perf	Method for determining performance parameters (MANUAL or DEFAULT)
preferTCP	Indicates whether to use TCP (YES or NO)
retry	Number of retries for a soft mount - default value is 5
rsize	Size of read buffer in KB
timeout	Timeout in seconds for an RPC call
wsize	Size of write buffer in KB

Server for NFS:

Allows NFS clients (think UNIX/Linux here) to access files on a Windows 2000 Professional or Server computer.
Integrates with Server for PCNFS or Server for NIS to provide user authentication
Managed using the UNIX Admin Snap-in (sfumgmt.msc)

Gateway for NFS:

Allows non-NFS Windows clients to access NFS resources by connecting thru an NFS-enabled Windows Server to NFS resources.
Acts as a gateway/translator between the NFS protocol used by UNIX/Linux and the CIFS protocol used by Windows 2000.
Not available on W2K Professional - Server only.

Server for PCNFS:

Can be installed on either W2K Professional or Server
Provides authentication services for NFS clients (UNIX) needing to access NFS files. Works with the mapping server.

Server for NIS:

Must be installed on a Windows 2000 Server that is configured as a Domain Controller.
Allows server to act as the NIS master for a particular UNIX domain.
Can authenticate requests for NFS shares.

Troubleshooting: (KB# Q102908)

Ipconfig and Ipconfig /all - displays current TCP/IP configuration
Nbtstat - displays statistics for connections using NetBIOS over TCP/IP
Netstat - displays statistics and connections for TCP/IP protocol
Ping - tests connections and verifies configurations
Tracert - check a route to a remote system
Common TCP/IP problems are caused by incorrect subnet masks and gateways
If an IP address works but a hostname won't check DNS settings

NWLink (IPX/SPX) and NetWare Interoperability: (KB# Q220872)

NWLink (MS's version of the IPX/SPX protocol) is the protocol used by NT to allow Netware systems to access its resources. (KB# Q203051)
NWLink is all that you need to run in order to allow an NT system to run client/server applications from a NetWare server.
To allow file and print sharing between NT and a NetWare server, CSNW (Client Services for NetWare) must be installed on the NT system. In a Netware 5 environment, the Microsoft client does not support connection to a Netware Server over TCP/IP. You will have to use IPX/SPX or install the Novell NetWare client. (KB# Q235225)
W2K Setup upgrades all Intel x86 based computers running version 4.7 or earlier of a Novell client to version 4.51. (KB# Q218158)
Gateway Services for NetWare can be implemented on your NT Server to provide a MS client system to access your NetWare server by using the NT Server as a gateway. (KB# Q121394 & Q220872)
Frame types for the NWLink protocol must match the computer that the NT system is trying to connect with. Unmatching frame types will cause connectivity problems between the two systems.
When NWLink is set to autodetect the frame type, it will only detect one type and will go in this order: 802.2, 802.3, ETHERNET_II and 802.5 (Token Ring).
Netware 3 servers uses Bindery Emulation (Preferred Server in CSNW). Netware 4.x and higher servers use NDS (Default Tree and Context.)
There are two ways to change a password on a netware server - SETPASS.EXE and the Change Password option (from the CTRL-ALT-DEL dialog box). The Change Password option is only available to Netware 4.x and higher servers using NDS.

Other protocols:

DLC is a special-purpose, non-routable protocol used by Windows 2000 to talk with IBM mainframes, AS400s and Hewlett Packard printers.
Appletalk must be installed to allow Windows 2000 Professional to communicate with Apple printers. Do not confuse this with File and Print Services for Macintosh which allow Apple Clients to use resources on a Microsoft Network (only available on Server).
NetBEUI is used soley by Microsoft operating systems and is non-routable (it is broadcast-based)

Remote Access Services (RAS):

Authentication protocols:

EAP - Extensible Authentication Protocol. A set of APIs in Windows for developing new security protocols as needed to accomodate new technologies. MD5-CHAP and EAP-TLS are two examples of EAP
EAP-TLS - Transport Level Security. Primarily used for digital certificates and smart cards
MD5-CHAP - Message Digest 5 Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol. Encrypts usernames and passwords with an MD5 algorithm
RADIUS - Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service. Specification for vendor-independant remote user authentication. Windows 2000 Professional can act as a RADIUS client only.
MS-CHAP (v1 and 2) - Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol. Encrypts entire session, not just username and password. v2 is supported in Windows 2000 and NT4 and Win 95/98 (with DUN 1.3 upgrade) for VPN connections. MS-CHAP cannot be used with non-Microsoft clients
SPAP - Shiva Password Authentication Protocol. Used by Shiva LAN Rover clients. Encrypts password, but not data
CHAP - Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol - encrypts user names and passwords, but not session data. Works with non-Microsoft clients
PAP - Password Authentication Protocol. Sends username and password in clear text

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs):

PPTP - Point to Point Tunneling Protocol. Creates an encrypted tunnel through an untrusted network.
L2TP - Layer Two Tunneling Protocol. Works like PPTP as it creates a tunnel, but it does not provide data encryption. Security is provided by using an encryption technology like IPSec

Feature	PPTP	L2TP
Header compression	No	Yes
Tunnel authentication	No	Yes
Built-in encryption	Yes	No
Transmits over IP-based internetwork	Yes	Yes
Transmits over UDP, Frame Relay, X.25 or ATM	No	Yes

Multilink Support: (KB# Q235610)

Multilinking allows you to combine two or more modems or ISDN adapters into one logical link with increased bandwidth. (KB# Q233171)
BAP (Bandwidth Allocation Protocol) and BACP (Bandwidth Allocation Control Protocol) enhance multilinking by dynamically adding or dropping links on demand. Settings are configured through RAS policies. (KB# Q244071)
Enabled from the PPP tab of a RAS server's Properties dialog box. (KB# Q233151)

Setting Callback Security:

Using callback allows you to have the bill charged to your phone number instead of the number of the user calling in. Also used to increase security
For roving users like a sales force, choose "Allow Caller to Set The Callback Number" (less secure)

Dial-up networking:

Microsoft technical documentation generally refers to dial-up networking when describing outbound connections. Inbound connections are usually associated with Remote Access Services (RAS).
All new connections are added using the "Make New Connection" wizard.
To create a VPN connection, choose Dial-Up To A Private Network Through The Internet, specify whether you need to establish a connection with an ISP first, enter the host name or IP address of the computer/network you are connecting to, and select whether connection is for yourself or all users.
Dial-up networking entries can be created for modem connections, LAN connections, direct cable connections and Infrared connections.
PPP is generally prefered because it supports multiple protocols, encryption, and dynamic assignment of IP addresses (KB# Q124036). SLIP is an older protocol that only supports TCP/IP and is used for dialing into legacy UNIX systems.
All network connections, inbound and outbound, are represented by separate icons under Dial-up networking and properties, protocols, addresses and services can be individually configured for each.

Using shared resources on a Microsoft Network:

The Administrators and Power Users groups can create shared folders on a Windows 2000 Professional workstation

Windows 2000 creates administrative shared folders for administrative reasons. These shares are appended with dollar sign ($) which hids the share from users browsing the computer. The system folder (Admin$), the location of the printer drivers (Print$) and the root of each volume (C$, D$, etc.) are all hidden shared folders.

Shared folder permissions apply only when the folder is accessed via the network. By default, the Everyone group is assigned Full Control for all new shared folders. Share level permissions can be applied to FAT, FAT32 and NTFS file systems.

Security levels for network access to shared folders:

Full Control

Is assigned to the Everyone group by default.
Allows user to take ownership of files and folders.
Users can change